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Halogen displacement reactions
Predict halogen reactions, compare coloured solutions with controls and infer the reactivity order.
Periodic table and group trends
Use electronic structure and patterns in Groups 1, 7 and 0 to predict properties.
Combustion equations
Balance complete combustion equations and predict the products when oxygen is limited.
Cracking hydrocarbons
Balance cracking equations and explain why the shorter hydrocarbons are useful.
Addition reactions of alkenes
Work out what adds across a C=C bond. The reactions follow your chosen exam board.
Tests for gases
Use test observations to identify hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and chlorine.
Rusting and corrosion
Use experimental results to explain rusting, protective coatings and sacrificial protection.
Treating water for drinking
Choose water treatment steps, interpret residue data and distinguish potable water from pure water.
Titration readings and calculations
Read burettes and choose concordant titres. Higher-tier questions also calculate concentration.
Limiting reactants
Find which reactant runs out first. Higher-tier questions also calculate the maximum mass of product.
Percentage yield and atom economy
Calculate percentage yield from actual and theoretical masses, then work out atom economy.
Products of electrolysis
Predict the products at each electrode. Higher-tier questions also use half-equations.
Rates of reaction: graphs
Plot gas-volume data, calculate mean rates and interpret gradients, including tangents where required.
Percentage composition and formulae
Calculate mass percentages and oxygen gained. Edexcel questions also use empirical and molecular formulae.
Formulae from percentages
For Edexcel: calculate formulae from percentages and explain mass conservation in precipitation reactions.
Energy profile diagrams
Read energy changes and activation energies from reaction profiles, including the effect of a catalyst.
Bond energy calculations
Use bond energies to estimate the energy change for a reaction. Higher tier.
Temperature and equilibrium
Predict how a temperature change affects equilibrium from the stated energy change. Higher tier.
The Haber process
Recall how ammonia is made. Higher-tier questions ask you to compare reaction rate and yield.
Reactions of acids
Predict the salts and other products when acids react with metals, oxides, hydroxides and carbonates.
Writing ionic formulae
Combine positive and negative ions in the ratio needed to make a neutral compound.
Metal displacement reactions
Use the reactivity series to predict displacement reactions. Higher-tier questions include electron transfer.
Atoms and ions
Find proton, neutron and electron numbers from atomic number, mass number and ion charge.
Relative formula mass
Add relative atomic masses, taking care with subscripts and brackets.
Balancing equations
Use whole-number coefficients to balance equations without changing the chemical formulae.
Reacting masses
Use a balanced equation to calculate a mass of reactant or product.
Mass from concentration
Convert solution volume when needed, then calculate the mass of solute.
Rates and graphs
Plot gas volume against time and calculate mean rate from a table or graph.
Bonding, structure and properties
Explain melting point and electrical conductivity using bonds, particles and mobile charges.
Electrolysis: electrolytes and electrodes
Use the electrolyte, its physical state and the electrode materials to predict the products.
Rate investigations
Interpret gas collection and disappearing-cross experiments for AQA and Edexcel.
Chromatography and ink separation
Calculate Rf values and decide what a chromatogram can tell you about a mixture.
Ion tests and unknown salts
Choose reagents, record test results and identify the ions in an unknown soluble salt.